Q1.
Move different parts of your body and observe what movement(s) it can make.
Answer
Here is Table 3.5 filled in. The book gives the elbow row (No, No, Yes) as your model; the rest follow from the type of joint at each place.
| Body part | Complete rotation | Partial rotation | Bending | Turning, side-raising, up-down or any other movement | Joint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elbow | No | No | Yes | Only bending and straightening, in one plane | Hinge |
| Shoulder | Yes | Yes | Yes | Forward, backward, sideways and circular | Ball and socket |
| Knee | No | No | Yes | Bending and straightening only; kneecap protects it | Hinge |
| Neck | No | Yes | Yes | Side-to-side turning (‘no’), nodding up and down | Pivot |
| Fingers | No | No | Yes | Bending at each joint; the thumb base also swings | Hinge |
| Toes | No | No | Yes | Bending up and down (that is what you feel in the tendon at the heel) | Hinge |
| Wrist | No | Yes | Yes | Up-down, side-to-side and a small circling movement | Gliding joint between many small bones |
Why the answers are not all the same: the movement a part can make is decided by the shape of the bone ends at the joint. A rounded head sitting in a shallow socket (shoulder) can swing in every direction. A cylinder held in a curved notch (elbow, knee) can only swing in one plane, like a door on its hinge. A peg turning in a ring (neck) can only rotate. Bones fused edge to edge (skull) cannot move at all. Structure fixes function here just as it does in a tissue.
Tip: a joint by itself cannot move anything. Muscles pull on the bones through tendons; the joint only decides which way that pull is allowed to move the bone.